Marketing Plan - 1807 Words

| Marketing Plan | TODO’s | | Connie Brewer | 4/27/2010 | Marketing Plan for errand service. | Outline I. Executive Summary II. Company Description III. Strategic Focus and Plan Mission Goals Core Competency Sustainable Competitive Advantage IV. Situation Analysis SWOT Analysis Industrial Analysis Competitor Analysis Company Analysis Customer Analysis V. Marketing Product Focus Target Markets Points of Difference Positioning VI. Marketing Programs†¦show more content†¦Non Financial Goals I will donate a percent of my earnings to M.A.D.D. Mothers Against Drunk Drivers for their help with regulating laws for drunk drivers. And donate time with A.A. Alcohol Anonymous Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Everyone needs a little help every now and then for those unexpected events in life we all encounter. There just aren’t enough hours in the day to get everything done. Well that’s where we come in to help turn that day around and lend a helping hand. We will have an advantage by promoting green with advertising let us do your errands to keep traffic emissions lower. IV: Situation Analysis SWOT Analysis Strengths: * Good, reliable and safe * Excellent customer service * Low overhead * Lived in Bakersfield all my life so know the area and shortcuts to save on drive time * Excellent driving record * Bonded employees for no security leaks Weaknesses: * Economic factors * Price of gas * Not enough beginning customers * Wrong type of advertising Opportunities: * The middle class families have not been affected by the recession yet, which means that they are still sitting pretty. * Only a few delivery services in town to compete with * Everybody has errands * To build strongShow MoreRelatedA Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe governmental legal requirements and, on the other hand, defines the organization’s policy administration. For a triumphant marketing plan, understanding the government legal approaches allows for efficient operation and inter-relationship with other organization. Similarly, internal legal policies allow the company to uphold its operation in a set manner. 4.0: Marketing Audit A market audit process is a tool that can never be neglected despite the situation. However, very few companies carryRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Small Business2998 Words   |  12 Pagesin detail. †¢ The benefits of TQM when implementing the strategic plan to meet goals or increasing profit within a small business. †¢ The economy’s motivation of small businesses stability as compared to large businesses that are well established, also the financial assistance of other organization including the government. †¢ Different categories of a company and the importance of CRM to any size business. †¢ To compare the marketing plan of a small business and a large business where it reflects theRead MoreMarketing Plan827 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Business Environment Marketing Planning: An Overview of Marketing 6 main questions to ask in order to create your marketing plan: 1. Where are we now? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 2. How did we get here? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 3. Where are we heading? (Marketing audit, SWOT Analysis) 4. Where would we like to be? (Marketing objectives) 5. How do we get there? (Core Strategy, Marketing mix decisions, Organization, ImplementationRead MoreMarketing Plan3248 Words   |  13 PagesSAMPLE MARKETING PLAN The following pages contain an annotated sample marketing plan for Blue Sky Clothing. At some point in your career, you will likely be involved in writing—or at least contributing to –a marketing plan. And you’ll certainly read many marketing plans throughout your business career. Keep in mind that the plan for Blue Sky is a single example; no one format is used by all companies. Also, the Blue Sky plan has been somewhat condensed to make it easier to annotate and illustrateRead MoreMarketing Plan4753 Words   |  20 Pagesresponsible firm by highlighting its products based on ecotourism, community tourism and sustainable tourism. 2. Situation Analysis Blaze Mountain travels and Tours has been operating for several years now. The trips have been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. Blaze Mountain travels and tours offer concepts like ecotourism and sustainable tourism to older tourists and hard adventure trips to the student tourists. This target market appreciatesRead MoreMarketing Plan3688 Words   |  15 PagesSITUATION ANALYSIS The marketing environment for LIMCOMA represents overwhelming opportunities. It also contains some challenges that the firm believes it can meet successfully. An illustration below shows a SWOT analysis of the company to highlight LIMCOMA’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths LIMCOMA’S dedicated founders understand the target market and products. LIMCOMA has achieved distribution in several markets with quick acceptance The firm has a very littleRead MoreMarketing Plan3847 Words   |  16 PagesA marketing plan is a comprehensive blueprint which outlines an organization s overall marketing efforts. A marketing process can be realized by the marketing mix, which is outlined in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. The marketing plan can function from two points: strategy and tactics (P. Kotler, K.L. Keller). In most organizations, strategic planning is an annual process, typically covering just the year ahead. Occasionally, a few organizations may look atRead MoreMarketing Planning : The Marketing Plan Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesTo attract mixed segment ther is need to marketing planning is indeed the key to the whole marketing process. The marketing objectives state just where the company intends to be; at some specific time in the future. James Quinn succinctly defined objectives in general as: Goals state what is to be achieved and when results are to be accomplished, but they do not state how the results are to be achieved. They typically relate to what products will be where in what market. They are essentiallyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Subway Marketing1516 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive summary The marketing plan has close ties with the overall financial and business plan. This plan contents a strategy for success, and breaks it down into coherent, actionable components that will aid The Sub Shop to implement marketing activities to provide a firm return on investment. The following areas will help explain how the company plans to differentiate the business and product offering from the competition, and define the strategy that will drive its business forward. The aimRead MoreMarketing Plan1891 Words   |  8 Pagesa breakeven point in the second year after opening the store and become profitable in the third year of being in this business. In the first year, our profits will be low, due to low sales and high distribution, inventory, marketing and advertising and sales expenses. Marketing expenses will be very high in the first year. We have to inform the customers about this new product and get the consumers to try out this new concept. It will take â€Å"Just passin’ Thru† some time to build up the customer base

The Gender Wage Gap Within Society - 1281 Words

Throughout history females have never been treated fairly compared to their male counterparts. The gender wage gap has been a real and prevalent thing in our society. Even in the present, women are inclined to get lower salaries than men throughout the world, and most importantly the United States where the constitution says â€Å"all men are created equal.† All salaries are on a weekly basis and percentages are cents a woman earns per dollar a man earns. Though many are currently working to fix the situation, there is much we can do as individuals to stop discrimination in the work force. The United States’ wage gap is caused by discrimination against women, who have less opportunities for higher paying jobs, and in order to eradicate this issue in our country and worldwide, women need to be treated impartially in the workforce. There are many reasons why the gender wage gap exists in society. One of them is that there is blatant and unconscious bias againstst these women that have built up over centuries . In America women have equal access and completion rates (add some statistics on this?)receive the same amount of higher education and in some places, even more than men, but they still don’t necessarily have the same opportunities after they graduate. Many women end up with lower level and therefore lower paying careers. This also isn’t necessarily a result of women not being ambitious enough, most women are simply unable to work as much as men and some even quit their jobsShow MoreRelatedThe Gender Wage Gap Within Society1050 Words   |  5 Pagescounterparts. The gender wage gap has been a real and prevalent thing in our society. Even in the present, women are inclined to get lower salaries than men throughout the world, and most importantly the United States where the constitution says à ¢â‚¬Å"all men are created equal.† All salaries are on a weekly basis and percentages are cents a woman earns per dollar a man earns. Although, there is much we can do as individuals to stop discrimination in the work force. The United States’ wage gap is caused byRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesmyth about gender equality. It isn t a reality yet. Today, women make up half of the U.S. workforce, but the average working woman earns only seventy-seven percent of what the average working man makes. But unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, things will not change† stated Grammy Award winner, Beyoncà © (Knowles-Carter 34). Although in the twenty-first century, women are still fighting for equality to simply be paid the same amount as men. The main causes of this gender inequalityRead MoreGender Wage Gap By Susan B. Anthony875 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement was just beginning in the United States. Even after al l this time, the gender wage gap is a still hot topic in the United States today. Popular stars and politicians including Kate Winslet, Jennifer Lawrence, and Hillary Clinton all have something to say about it. There is even a section of thewhitehouse.gov dedicated to discussing the gender wage gap which is the comparison of women s wages to men’s wages in the United States (â€Å"Equal Pay†). It is pretty common knowledge in the United StatesRead MoreEqual Pay Act Of 19631382 Words   |  6 Pagesreceiving less pay than males in the workforce is known as the Gender Wage Gap. Equal Pay Act of 1963 The wage gap has been a problem in the workplace for a long time now, but we are seeing constant progress. In 1963, the Equal Pay Act was signed into place, this law was passed to try and abolish any type of wage disparity based on gender. This law has made a difference in our country with closing the wage gap. The problem remains that the wage gap continues to close at very slow rate. In 1963, women earnedRead MoreWomen s Unequal Treatment Of Women1139 Words   |  5 PagesVirtually, every known society past and present, women have not been treated as an equal to men. According to (UN NATIONS WEBSITE DEFINITON OF UNEQUAL TREATMENT of women CITATION HERE)it is unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender. UN agencies and most governments agree on the principle of gender inequality. The question at large is what accounts for the difference between the rhetoric of equality and the reality of inequality? The single aspect of gender inequality of men and womenRead MoreThe Indu strial Revolution : The World Into The Forward And Advanced World We Live1387 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch of society, primarily the lives of women; although women were given job opportunities, their lives during the industrial revolution were unfortunate due to the working conditions, large wage gap, and lack of a social status. The Industrial Revolution is defined as an economic transition in society, specifically involving the means of production. The Industrial Revolution was started in order to specialize, mechanize, and organize the means of production, in turn reforming society as a wholeRead MoreDiscrimination, Policies, And The Gender Wage Gap1088 Words   |  5 Pages Discrimination, Policies, and The Gender Wage-Gap   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For decades, the gender wage-gap has been an ongoing issue in Canada. Since then, women’s rights have changed and allowed them to obtain career positions much like men. Although women have successfully fought for their rights, the issues of the gender wage gap, and sexist stereotypes continue in Canada. The Canadian Government needs to strengthen its discrimination policies so it can rectify and allow for equal opportunity, support parentalRead MoreGender Inequality : Gender Pay Gap975 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender pay gap in Hollywood The gender pay gap is the difference in pay earned by men and the pay earned by women.( Pay Equity Commission, 2012). There are various ways in measuring the pay gap between genders, such as full- time or full- year wage. Statistics Canada data ( 2012) displayed that the gender pay gap in Ontario was 26% for full- time and full- year employments, which means for every C$1 earned by a man, a woman earned 74 cents( Pay Equity Commission,2012).The pay gap has been narrowingRead MoreGender Pay Gap : Inequity, Work And Society1482 Words   |  6 PagesGender Pay Gap: Inequity, Work and Society In Australia over the last 20 years, it is documented that a person’s income and wages, differs based on one’s gender, known as the gender pay gap (The Conversation, 2017; Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA), 2017c). This paper will discuss what a gender pay gap is, various economic explanations for this gap, summarise sociological responses, and identify possible policy recommendations and their implications. The gender pay gap is generally measuredRead MoreWomen Have Always Seen A Gap In Pay, But Recently The Dispute1639 Words   |  7 PagesWomen have always seen a gap in pay, but recently the dispute about the gender wage gap has aroused and angered many in the U.S. Many Americans have labeled businesses as sexist due to the gap in pay among men and women. As many people know, men and women have many differences such as caring for children, different interests when it comes to the workforce, and many others. Naturally men and women have many differences that cause a bit of a gap when it comes to pay. While gender is most definitely a

Accounting and Finance for Manager

Question: Analyse the financial accounting of the company. Answer: Introduction Financial accounting is one of the most important aspects of a company. It is the financial accounting that provides the information about the performance of the company in the financial aspect. With the proper understanding of the financial accounting, it is possible to understand and assess the fact as to whether the company is making profits or losses (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). In the given case, the financial accounting of Kenya power lighting system will help to determine the performance of the company. Kenya power owns and is responsible for the operation of most of the electricity transmission and the distribution system of the country. The organization is responsible for selling electricity more than 26 lakh customers (Eckbo, 2007). The main objective of the company is to plan for the generation as well as supply of enough electrical power. The government is the owner of 50.1% of the shares while 49.9% of the shares are privately owned. This study will help to shed light how t he financial condition is used to assess the performance of the company. Scope The study helps to provide an in-depth analysis of the financial accounting of the company. The financial accounting will provide the knowledge about the performance of the company (Holton, 2012). With the help of the financial accounting the financial conditions of the company are assessed and understood. Aims and Objectives The primary aim of the project is To understand how the financial accounting that will help to understand the performance of the company. To determine the key roles of financial accounting in assessing the performance of the company (Kew and Watson, 2012). To calculate the key financial ratios of the company. To determine and evaluate the financial position of the company. Accounting function Kenya power and lighting company limited operates electricity transmission and engaged in the retail and distribution of electricity in bulk. The company basically operates in four regions: Mount Kenya, West Kenya, Coast and Nairobi. The interconnected networks of distribution and transmission lines cover around 57,879 kilometres (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2007). The key mandate of the company is to plan for maximum transmission capacity and electricity generation to meet the demand and maintain the distribution of power and retailing and transmission network of electricity. The principle shareholder of the organization is government of Kenya. The government has the stake of 50.1% and it is listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2011). The key resource of the company is to provide quality services to their customers and providing maximum profit to their shareholders. The board of trustees of the company is accountable to the members to ensure that the fund accumulates with highest standard and law of business ethics and corporate governance. The board ensures that the fund is used in the interest of members and shareholders (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2007). The corporate governance is significant for the appropriate operations of the company. The accounting plays a important role in the preparation and presentation of financial statements. The income statement shows the income, expense, profit or loss of the company. Therefore, it helps to determine and analyse the financial position of the company (Wolf, 2008). The financial ratios are calculated on the basis of the accounting information. The managerial accounting helps to deal with the operational reports that distributed within the company. On the other hand, financial accountings comply with different accounting standards and providing information to the stakeholders of the company. Financial accounting analysis The financial accounting analysis helps to determine and evaluate the financial position of Kenya power and lighting company. The financial statement of a company includes income statement, cash flow statement and balance sheet. The income statement demonstrates income, profit or loss, expense of the organization, balance sheet demonstrates the assets and liabilities and cash flow statement demonstrates the inflow and outflow of cash (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). The working capital management helps to determine the funds required for operating day to day operations. It ensures that the company is able to continue all its operations and ability of the company to satisfy operational expense and short term debts. Financial accounting helps in recording the monetary transactions as well as in providing the reports of the transactions when required. There are three main types of financial reports that help the users in deciding the financial position of the firm as well as help the users in taking essential financial decisions (Eckbo, 2007). These are balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. The balance sheet provide the information of the asset and liability of the firm, income statement give the information about the profit and loss of the firm during the financial year. Furthermore, the cash flow statement help in recognizing the inflow and out flow of cash during the financial year. The financial ratios help to determine and evaluate the profitability, efficiency and liquidity level of the company. The profitability ratios show the profit margin, efficiency ratios shows the efficiency and liquidity ratios shows the liquidity of the company (Holton, 2012). The ratios and facts and figures will help to compare with the competitors in the market. The auditors play an important role in the preparation and presentation of financial reports fairly and accurately. The corporate social responsibility states that the business operations should be favourable to environment, society and stakeholders. The financial reports help to determine and analyse the financial position of the company as well as future development. It is the responsibility of the management to take appropriate steps for the development of the company. Financial management analysis The Financial management analysis helps to determine and evaluate the financial statements of the company in the given accounting year. The analysis shows the key items and trend lines of profit margin, debt, account receivable, cash availability, liabilities, assets, equity and other key items (Holton, 2012). The financial management strategies help to allocate the resources appropriately and capital budgeting determines the long term investments of the company. The investment planning is important for the development of an organization. The capital budgeting shows the annual budget of the company and its investment strategies. Milestone Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Main Activities/ Stages Selection of the topic Preparation of the research proposal Preparation of accounting function in the organization Preparation of financial accounting analysis of the organization Preparation of management accounting analysis of the organization Preparation of financial management analysis of the organization Conclusions and SWOT analysis Comparing findings and discussions Final analysis of research Conclusion and recommendations Submission of the research study Conclusions and SWOT analysis The financial management analysis helps to determine and evaluate the financial condition of Kenya power and lighting company. The financial condition shows the long term development and future planning of the company (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2007). The SWOT analysis of the company will help to determine the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats in the current market environment. References Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2007).Corporate finance. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Eckbo, B. (2007).Handbook of Corporate Finance. Burlington: Elsevier. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Kew, J. and Watson, A. (2012).Financial accounting. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2007).Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2011).Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Duchac, J. (2007).Accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.

The American Dream in Raisin in the Sun Research Paper Example

The American Dream in Raisin in the Sun Paper Name: Tutor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The American Dream in Raisin in the Sun specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The American Dream in Raisin in the Sun specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The American Dream in Raisin in the Sun specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The American Dream in Raisin in the Sun Individuals from all lifestyles in America dream of vast opportunities and freedoms. The concept of the American dream has influenced the way many Americans think about life and success. The ordinary American envisions a successful life from all fronts including love, business and fame. The American dream is all about having aspirations and striving to achieve them. A Raisin in the Sun captures the story of an American family in their struggle to achieve their American dream. In the play written by Lorraine Hansberry, each individual in a Black-American family has a dream that they want to achieve. The family is however faced with many challenges that hamper the achievement of these dreams. Members of the family are captured in the midst of a struggle for success and a shortage of opportunities. Members of the family are captured in a struggle for the limited financial resources in their possession. Raisin in the Sun is therefore an indictment of the American dream and its emphasis o n financial success. The fascination with being materially wealthy in the play is evident especially among the younger and more robust members of the family. According to Paul P. Reuben’s article on the American dream, the real purpose of the Dream has long been distorted (Reuben, 2011). The pursuit of financial success represents a far-flung shot from the original intentions of the notion of the American dream. The American dream consisted in seeking justice, freedom, unhindered participation in economic activities and a better for future for the coming generations. These factors were supposed to be the motivations behind the pursuit of the American dream. Any other motivation other than these was ill advised. In Raisin in the Sun, the $ 10000 received from the elder Walter’s insurance generates a lot of conflict since all the family members want to use to achieve their dreams. They are all focused on their own financial stability. The version of the American dream captured in this play leans on individualism. As Reuben says, Americans had turned the American Dream into a vehicle for individual uplift (Reuben, 2011). Each i ndividual in the family has different aspirations. None of them shows any concern for the other’s dreams. It is an individualistic contest of sorts. Walter wants to invest the money in a liquor store, and Beneatha wants the money to be used on her college education while their mother intends to use the money to purchase a house for the family. Hansberry tries to point out this misunderstanding of the American dream and its possible effects on the original motives of the American dream. He uses Walter to portray this skewed version of the American dream. In a Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry criticizes the American dream by using Walter’s misunderstanding of the notion. Hansberry tries to reflect on how important the aspects of freedom and a better life are compared to financial wealth. She highlights the evident changes that have occurred in the understanding of the American Dream. Walter envies Charlie Atkins because he owns a dry-cleaning business that is performing quite well. Walter embodies a classic form of the American dream, the fascination with material wealth. In fact, Walter tells his mother that money is life and that there was a time when freedom and other fundamental needs were life, but that has long changed (Hansberry 74). The author understands how much the notion has been distorted and tries to show how much freedom, economic participation and a better future for the children had been overshadowed by material wealth. Walter is determined to see his dreams fulfilled and will stop at nothing to gain wealth. He ref uses to heed his mother’s attempts to stop him from investing in the liquor shop. Because of this obsession with wealth, he refuses to listen to Ruth’s advice on the honesty of his business partner. Since its inception, the American dream was not a dream of wealth and economic betterment but a dream of a better life for everyone, diverse opportunities to those who are able and overall social order. Hansberry in the play mocks this notion. From her perspective, certain circumstances make it difficult to achieve the American Dream. Walter, for example, meets racial prejudice, discrimination and poverty in his quest for success. These factors hinder his pursuit of the American dream. The play shows how some factors in the environment one lives in can make achievement of the American Dream impossible. Walter lacks the money to make his investment in the liquor store. In the play, the Younger family as a whole aspires to gain wealth and acceptance in the white society. This represents the distorted and misunderstood version of the American dream. While gaining acceptance in white society is a viable semblance of the American dream, financial success is not. The Raisin in the Sun iden tifies the most significant factor of the American dream today that has overshadowed the other more fundamental issues. The inability of the country to provide opportunities for even the less privileged to pursue their dreams is a failing of the American dream. People like Walter and Beneatha find it difficult to succeed because the available conditions do not favor them. Hansberry reveals the enormous challenges facing the less privileged in achieving the American dream. According to Raisin in the Sun, priorities have shifted from those that want to achieve social order to individualistic motives. Perhaps, what she wants to put across is that the American dream regenerated into one served by materialistic motives. Americans are increasingly being driven by material concerns rather than the pursuit of individual freedoms and privileges. Works Cited Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. London: Methuen Drama, 2011. Print. Reuben, Paul P. â€Å"PAL: Appendix S: The American Dream.† PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide, 10 Nov. 2011. Web. 18 April. 2013. Available http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/append/axs.html

Lord of the Flies Comparison Between Raplh and Jack Essays

Lord of the Flies Comparison Between Raplh and Jack Essays Lord of the Flies Comparison Between Raplh and Jack Paper Lord of the Flies Comparison Between Raplh and Jack Paper like his father, takes on a leadership role. Last but not least, a strong reason why they are different Is because Ralph shows dervish skills and Is admired by majority of the boys that are on the Island with him.. He maintains order and Intents on getting out; whereas Tom Is bombarded with responsibility that seems to be too overwhelming for his personality, he does all the duties intents. Seas to Tu I out en does teen anal nee artery walkout ten relent SECOND BODY : The difference between the two can also be seen in their personalities; Tom is selfish and cares only about himself while Ralph consistently considers his friends before he thinks of himself * Both texts have a different style of portraying the character in question . Ralph is seen helping and considering the future of everyone on the island while not caring about him. He shows selfless love towards each and every character in the story, one incident that occurred in the story is when a boy asked Ralph if they were ever going to get saved, one of the boys proclaimed of course not, but Ralph reassured the little boy and gave him the hope that if they follow his orders and procedures they will be saved and returned back to civilization. (peg 20)(peg 21 bottom)(peg 34-35 bottom) (37 fire) Using peg 34-35 **insert Quote** * In this quote, it shows that Rallys is tauter and reassuring by giving everyone some hope and comfort regarding their fears. On the other hand, Tom only cares for himself, he is not considerate of others, and shows almost no love towards his family. **Quote** this quote shows the reader how different tom acts then Ralph, even when considering their age difference. * (peg 53 bottoms) it also shows that the mother wants Tom to understand the situation by explaining to him that daughters welfare is more important than even herself. The mother tries to convince Tom to believe that it is important to care for Laura. This shows that Tom is running away from responsibility while Ralph happily accepts the role of being the leader and comforts the group. THIRD PARAGRAPH * a strong evidence of their contrasting characteristics come apparent with their way of reflecting on their father figure as the main source of guidance; for Tom, the missing father figure is apparent as he also tries to escape from his situation meanwhile Ralph ,like his father, takes on a leadership role. As soon as Ralph and the others were stranded on the island he was subjected to his responsibilities, some may say that these qualities could have been passed down through his father. This was evident when the first thing he thought was to create a system of order and prevent things from going into chaos. **Quote** the quote reconfirms the claim that Rallys father was a responsible Navy officer and throughout Rallys childhood, he may have influenced the shaping of Rallys character. When Ralph reassured the group, its showed that the group still had confidence in what he had to say and instructed to do. (peg 36 bottom) Tom: (peg 80) Toms upbringing was clearly different than Rallys which reflected on his attitude and overall behavior towards his father.

Definition and Examples of Paralepsis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Paralepsis in Rhetoric Paralepsis  (also spelled paralipsis) is the rhetorical strategy (and logical fallacy) of emphasizing a point by seeming to pass over it. Adjective: paraleptic or paraliptic. Similar to apophasis and praeteritio. In The English Academy (1677), John Newton defined paralepsis as a kind of irony, by which we seem to pass by, or take no notice of such things which yet we strictly observe and remember. Etymology From the Greek  para-  beside   leipein  to leave Pronunciation:  pa-ra-LEP-sis Examples Lets pass swiftly over the vicars predilection for cream cakes. Lets not dwell on his fetish for Dolly Mixture. Lets not even mention his rapidly increasing girth. No, no- let us instead turn directly to his recent work on self-control and abstinence.(Tom Coates, Plasticbag.org, Apr. 5, 2003)The music, the service at the feast,The noble gifts for the great and small,The rich adornment of Theseuss palace . . .All these things I do not mention now.(Chaucer, The Knights Tale, The Canterbury Tales)We get [in Oprah by Kitty Kelley] the obligatory discussion of whether or not Oprah and Gayle King, her best friend of thirty-four years, are lesbians. There was no foundation for the rumors of a lesbian relationship, except for their constant togetherness and Oprahs bizarre teasing of the subject, Kelley writes, and then, like a conspiracy theorist squinting to see the pyramids on dollar bills, trots out unconvincing insinuations.(Lauren Collins, Celebrity Smackdown. The New Yorker, April 19, 2010) Mark Antonys Paralepsis But heres a parchment, with the seal of Caesar;I found it in his closet; tis his will:Let but the commons hear this testament- Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read . . ..Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it.It is not meet you know how Caesar lovd you.You are not wood, you are not stones, but men;And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar,It will inflame you, it will make you mad:Tis good you know not that you are his heirs;For if you should, oh, what would come of it!(Mark Antony in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Act III, scene two) A Form of Irony Paralipsis: a form of irony in which one gets ones message across by suggesting the outlines of the message that one is struggling to suppress. We are not going to say that paralipsis is . . . the habitual refuge of the courtroom mechanic, who abuses it in order to suggest to the jury what he can very well deny to the judge ever having said.(L. Bridges and W. Rickenbacker, The Art of Persuasion, 1991) The Paraleptic Strike-Through The so-called strike through mode of type has come into its own as a standard device in opinion journalismeven in print. . . .As New York Times blogger Noam Cohen commented a while back, [I]n Internet culture, the strike-through has already taken on an ironic function, as a ham-fisted way of having it both ways in type a witty way of simultaneously commenting on your prose as you create it. And when this device appears in print, its being used exclusively for this kind of ironic effect. . . .The paradox is that crossing something out highlights it. The ancient Greek rhetoricians had a whole vocabulary of terms to refer to different forms of mentioning by not mentioning.(Ruth Walker, Highlight Your Errors: The Paradox of the Strike Through Mode. The Christian Science Monitor, July 9, 2010) Political Paralepsis Obama characterized Clintons remarks as tired Washington politicians and the games they play.She made an unfortunate remark about Martin Luther King and Lyndon Johnson, he said. I havent remarked on it. And she offended some folks who thought she diminished the role about King and the civil rights movement. The notion that this is our doing is ludicrous.Obama went on to criticize Clintons interview, saying that she spent an hour focused on attacking him rather than telling people about her positive vision for America.(Domenico Montanaro, Obama: Clinton MLK Comments Ludicrous, NBC First Read, Jan. 13, 2008) Paralepsis (or Omission), 1823 Paralepsis, or Omission, is a figure by which the orator pretends to conceal or pass by what he really means to declare and strongly to enforce.Whatever we seem to give up, as a matter of small consequence, we generally pronounce in a higher and softer tone of voice than the rest: this is accompanied with an air of indifference that seems to make light of what we mention, and this indifference generally leads us to end the particulars with the suspension of voice, properly called the rising inflection. Thus Cicero, in his defense of Sextius, introduces his character in the following manner, with a design of recommending him to the favour of the judges: I might say many things of his liberality, kindness to his domestics, his command in the army, and moderation during his office in the province; but the honour of the state presents itself to my view, and calling me to it, advises me to omit these lesser matters. The first part of this sentence should be spoken in a soft high tone of voice, with an air of indifference, as if waving the advantages arising from his clients character; but the latter part assumes a lower and firmer tone, which greatly enforces and sets off the former.(John Walker, A Rhetorical Grammar, 1823)

Definition and Examples of Paralepsis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Paralepsis in Rhetoric Paralepsis  (also spelled paralipsis) is the rhetorical strategy (and logical fallacy) of emphasizing a point by seeming to pass over it. Adjective: paraleptic or paraliptic. Similar to apophasis and praeteritio. In The English Academy (1677), John Newton defined paralepsis as a kind of irony, by which we seem to pass by, or take no notice of such things which yet we strictly observe and remember. Etymology From the Greek  para-  beside   leipein  to leave Pronunciation:  pa-ra-LEP-sis Examples Lets pass swiftly over the vicars predilection for cream cakes. Lets not dwell on his fetish for Dolly Mixture. Lets not even mention his rapidly increasing girth. No, no- let us instead turn directly to his recent work on self-control and abstinence.(Tom Coates, Plasticbag.org, Apr. 5, 2003)The music, the service at the feast,The noble gifts for the great and small,The rich adornment of Theseuss palace . . .All these things I do not mention now.(Chaucer, The Knights Tale, The Canterbury Tales)We get [in Oprah by Kitty Kelley] the obligatory discussion of whether or not Oprah and Gayle King, her best friend of thirty-four years, are lesbians. There was no foundation for the rumors of a lesbian relationship, except for their constant togetherness and Oprahs bizarre teasing of the subject, Kelley writes, and then, like a conspiracy theorist squinting to see the pyramids on dollar bills, trots out unconvincing insinuations.(Lauren Collins, Celebrity Smackdown. The New Yorker, April 19, 2010) Mark Antonys Paralepsis But heres a parchment, with the seal of Caesar;I found it in his closet; tis his will:Let but the commons hear this testament- Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read . . ..Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it.It is not meet you know how Caesar lovd you.You are not wood, you are not stones, but men;And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar,It will inflame you, it will make you mad:Tis good you know not that you are his heirs;For if you should, oh, what would come of it!(Mark Antony in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Act III, scene two) A Form of Irony Paralipsis: a form of irony in which one gets ones message across by suggesting the outlines of the message that one is struggling to suppress. We are not going to say that paralipsis is . . . the habitual refuge of the courtroom mechanic, who abuses it in order to suggest to the jury what he can very well deny to the judge ever having said.(L. Bridges and W. Rickenbacker, The Art of Persuasion, 1991) The Paraleptic Strike-Through The so-called strike through mode of type has come into its own as a standard device in opinion journalismeven in print. . . .As New York Times blogger Noam Cohen commented a while back, [I]n Internet culture, the strike-through has already taken on an ironic function, as a ham-fisted way of having it both ways in type a witty way of simultaneously commenting on your prose as you create it. And when this device appears in print, its being used exclusively for this kind of ironic effect. . . .The paradox is that crossing something out highlights it. The ancient Greek rhetoricians had a whole vocabulary of terms to refer to different forms of mentioning by not mentioning.(Ruth Walker, Highlight Your Errors: The Paradox of the Strike Through Mode. The Christian Science Monitor, July 9, 2010) Political Paralepsis Obama characterized Clintons remarks as tired Washington politicians and the games they play.She made an unfortunate remark about Martin Luther King and Lyndon Johnson, he said. I havent remarked on it. And she offended some folks who thought she diminished the role about King and the civil rights movement. The notion that this is our doing is ludicrous.Obama went on to criticize Clintons interview, saying that she spent an hour focused on attacking him rather than telling people about her positive vision for America.(Domenico Montanaro, Obama: Clinton MLK Comments Ludicrous, NBC First Read, Jan. 13, 2008) Paralepsis (or Omission), 1823 Paralepsis, or Omission, is a figure by which the orator pretends to conceal or pass by what he really means to declare and strongly to enforce.Whatever we seem to give up, as a matter of small consequence, we generally pronounce in a higher and softer tone of voice than the rest: this is accompanied with an air of indifference that seems to make light of what we mention, and this indifference generally leads us to end the particulars with the suspension of voice, properly called the rising inflection. Thus Cicero, in his defense of Sextius, introduces his character in the following manner, with a design of recommending him to the favour of the judges: I might say many things of his liberality, kindness to his domestics, his command in the army, and moderation during his office in the province; but the honour of the state presents itself to my view, and calling me to it, advises me to omit these lesser matters. The first part of this sentence should be spoken in a soft high tone of voice, with an air of indifference, as if waving the advantages arising from his clients character; but the latter part assumes a lower and firmer tone, which greatly enforces and sets off the former.(John Walker, A Rhetorical Grammar, 1823)

Criminology Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Criminology - Movie Review Example New Year’s Eve celebration was launched by the gangs in the name of a military operation whereby each character take a specific role. For instance, Josh Howard (Davis) was to drive a garbage truck while the rest were to steal from various casinos. Sam Harmon. Charges were made on replacing the electrical transmission tower and in each casino electrical systems to give a backup are rewired. At midnight when everyone is celebrating and singing in all the casino the tower was placed down and darkness that was inevitable sets occurs. Funny enough the cashier cages containing money are opened instantly by the backup electrical systems contrary to putting on the emergency lights. In no waste of time, they moved into the cashier cages and stole the money. They removed money from bags and dump the bags in the garbage bin. Creatively they went back and joined the crowd pretending they were among them. Immediately lights were back, the thieves left the casinos. Josh drove the garbage truck and collects the bags passing through the blockade of the police with absence of people notice. Coincidentally Tony Bergdorf (Conte) who was an electrician got a heart attack and dropped dead in the middle of Las Vegas strip. This death caused a lot of concern as police wondered whether there was any connection with the robbery. Duke Santos (Romeo) gets reformed and decided to get back the casino bosses’ money for a return. In this scenario, he learns of Ocean and is connected to Foster, the son of Duke’s fiancà ©e (chase). Person contemplates about that before the return of Bergdorf’s body at mortuary. Santos talked to the robberies asking for half of the money. Nevertheless $10000 was set for the widow (Jean Willies) of the electrician and the rest hidden in the coffin. Creatively the group had planned to take the money in no return to Santos after coffin is taken to Francisco. However, the

Critiquing an article - The Nature and Significance of Listening Assignment

Critiquing an article - The Nature and Significance of Listening Skills in Accounting Practice - Assignment Example gths and weaknesses in the research article have also been made to put forward a concise and objective approach for the understanding, particularly in the field of accounting. In last section, a conclusion has been drawn which is a summary of opinions and inferences on strengths and weaknesses of the article deduced during the research. Among technical fields and their professionals communication process is complex. There are many barriers in seamless and effective communication while communicating with general public. Special courses related to communication skills are included in curriculum in order to make these professionals closer to layman. In this, afore mentioned paper, public accountants were surveyed to gauge their communication abilities and adapting ability with the clients (Banderlipe, 2014). Following aspects, among accountants, were made moot point of the research: These aspects will help researchers, accountants and student in the field of accountancy to understand nature and significance of listening skills to overcome communication barriers and provide for effective communication and transfer of information among peers. An important point that has been revealed is the issue of accountant’s tendency to listen. It is known among higher executives that barriers of this kind hamper in making decisions and establishing better business prospects. Also it is known as most important tool after problem solving and thinking. Listening is there for a holistic activity that helps in taking decisions. Better listening can help in noting minor details about any problem and situation. In the field of communication, concentration is of foremost importance while keeping in view the probability of missing any detail. Accountants are therefore required to take these skills before getting decisive in decision making and thinking (processing and dissemin ation of information). The research conducted has been conclusive about the role of communication and

Live in the Present with Memories of the Past Essay Example for Free

Live in the Present with Memories of the Past Essay Human Society is a long period of building and developing. From the time man lived in dank caves to nowadays when he lives in such a modern life with a lot of excellent facilities. The modern life, the excellent facilities was not a present from god. It was made by people of all generations who always learned from the past and developed everything they had learned from it. Thus, I totally disagree with the statement above that learning about the past has no value. The first reason for this is that learning about the past brings us all the knowledge and information in the past. Without yesterday, there is no today. A society can develop only when its people inherit and understand the achievements of the precursors because the precursors achievements were the foundation for everything to develop.. For example, before 1964 there was only black-and-white television but until now there are kinds of colour televisions that are slim and innovative such as LCD TV The black-and-white television made the basis and gave inventors idea to develop the modern TV nowadays. Consequently our knowledge, success today is the result of constant work of our ancestors before. Secondly, learning about the past is very essential because it makes us doubt and take consideration into earlier assumptions. For that reason, people will find out mistakes that were made in the past. This will show us which roads not to ever go down again and put human in a right way to develop. Learning about the past is not only learning about the history but also is learning from our and the others mistakes. By this way of learning, people will become more and more experienced and never make the same mistakes again. Additionally, if learning about the past has no value, people in the world could speak, could write by themselves without learning from anyone. This is impossible so the value of the past, in this case are the parents, are undeniable. In a nutshell, the past is always a good teacher and we are still bad students who crave for knowledge. Denying the past also means that we are destroying the present and our future because no one can jump without ground to stand on.

Before The Law :: Short Story Stories Essays

Before The Law BEFORE THE LAW stands a doorkeeper. To this doorkeeper there comes a man from the country and prays for admittance to the Law. But the doorkeeper says that he cannot grant admittance at the moment. The man thinks it over and then asks if he will be allowed in later. "It is possible," says the doorkeeper, "but not at the moment." Since the gate stands open, as usual, and the doorkeeper steps to one side, the man stoops to peer through the gateway into the interior. Observing that, the doorkeeper laughs and says: "If you are so drawn to it, 'just try to go in despite my veto. But take note: I am powerful. And I am only the least of the doorkeepers. From hall to hall there is one doorkeeper after another, each more powerful than the last. The third doorkeeper is already so terrible that even I cannot bear to look at him." These are difficulties the man from the country has not expected; the Law, he thinks, should surely be accessible at all times and to everyone, but as he now takes a c loser look at the doorkeeper in his fur coat, with his big sharp nose and long, thin, black Tartar beard, he decides that it is better to wait until he gets permission to enter. The doorkeeper gives him a stool and lets him sit down at one side of the door. There he sits for days and years. He makes many attempts to be admitted, and wearies the doorkeeper by his importunity. The doorkeeper frequently has little interviews with him, asking him questions about his home and many other things, but the questions are put indifferently, as great lords put them, and always finish with the statement that he cannot be let in yet. The man, who has furnished himself with many things for his journey, sacrifices all he has, however valuable, to bribe the doorkeeper. The doorkeeper accepts everything, but always with the remark: "I am only taking it to keep you from thinking you have omitted anything." During these many years the man fixes his attention almost continuously on the doorkeeper. He forgets the other doorkeepers, and this first one seems to him the sole obstacle preventing access to the Law. He curses his bad luck, in his early years boldly and loudly; later, as he grows old, he only grumbles to himself.

Margaret Atwood- Moral Disorder

In the course of the many interrelated short stories written in Moral Disorder we tend to find out many thing about the main characters. In some ways the reader develops a sort of one on one relationship with each character, and learns more and more about them in each story. Specifically, one of the main characters who tends to stand out in the storyline as a person with a sort of mysterious personality is Tig. Tigs mysterious personality is brought to life mainly in the story â€Å"Monopoly†. When we first see Tig in the beginning of â€Å"monopoly†, he and Nell just purchased an old farm house where they plan on living. As time progresses throughout the storyline, we learn about Tigs children and how they plan on visiting the new farm house. With this point it brings up thoughts about Tigs old marriage to Oona. We now find out that the reason why Tig and Oona divorced was not because of Oona, but the two of them as a hole. It gives insite to their failed marriage with the fact that OOna would give her total life’s attention at her writing, and leave Tig to take care of the children and the house completely alone. Even though to the public eye Tig and Oona’s relationship could only be described as perfect, it is obvious that deep down being married to Oona was bringing him down. They were often seen together in magazines and in photo’s smiling as if they had not a care in the world, but according to Tig this was the furthest thing from the truth. The two of them together tried to show the sense of love and stability to the public that they both yearned for. They often appeared in magazines cooking and laughing together, but once the camera’s stopped rolling things turned back how they usually where. Oona would be off trying to finish her book, and Tig would be left with taking care of the children and the household chores all while working at a radio station. As time progressed after the divorce Tig and Nell decided to rent an old farm house. We now find out about another mysterious part of Tig’s life, his kids. Once Tig and Nell moved into their farm house, Tig’s children came to visit every weekend. So, every weekend Nell would have to pack up all her belongings and leave their house before Tig’s children arrived. Tig tried very hard in order to make his children know that the reason why he and their mother divorced was not because of Nell, and that he and Oona still were on speaking terms. This shed insight into Tig role as a father. Even though Tig usually doesn’t like to speak about his past marriage with Oona, he makes sure that his children are not affected by the divorce. Every weekend that they would visit, he would try and create a fun loving environment at the farm house in order for his children to be happy. Before this we never saw Tig as much of a family man. Instances such as Tig’s children visiting shed light on a new personality that we never knew about Tig. After Tigs children leave, and Nell returns home things start to go back to normal. Nell and Tig seem to be extremely happy living together, which serves as a complete opposite to his relationship with Oona. Nell speaks about the Sunday nights they spend together once Tig’s children leave, and the time they spend trying to get up the big hill in front of the property during the winter months. Although the some of the things they did together were simple, it was obvious that it meant something to Nell. Tig and Oona would sit together during the ride home in silence most of the time, but the silence they shared definitely meant something. During these times it became clear that the reason that Nell and Tig were together was because of Oona. Shortly after Oona finished her book, she and Tig invited Nell over for a dinner party at her house. The dinner party turned out a success, and Nell ended up staying later than all the other guests to play a game of monopoly with Tig’s children. The night was full of laughs and the conversation at the dinner table seemed as if it were to never end. Nell later saw that that dinner party was not a typical dinner party, but more of an interview session that would later wide up with her being in a relationship with Tig. After awhile life for Nell and Tig started to grow into a sort of routine were Nell would stay at the farm house during the week, then suddenly disappear and hide all traces of her existence. But one weekend this was all about to change. Tig’s mysterious personality came into play again when he told Nell that he wanted her to stay at the farm house the upcoming weekend when his children came to visit. This came as a complete shock to Nell because she never expected Tig to bring the situation up with her because he was always so quiet and to himself about the situation. Nevertheless Nell at first was extremely against this idea thinking that she would â€Å"be crossing the line†. But Tig assured her that it would be best for the children to see her in her natural environment and her home. Tig covertly spoke to his children and to Oona about the situation and they all agreed that it would be a good idea for Nell to stay a weekend with the children when they came to visit.

Student Educational Loan Fund, Inc.

A Minnesota Student Loan Program www. selfloan. org Table of Contents About the Program Eligibility How to Apply Loan Size Loan Example Costs to the Borrower Loan Repayment Loan Servicer 1 1 3 4 5 5 6 9 This document can be made available in an alternative format to individuals with disabilities by calling (651) 642-0567. March 2008 About the Program The Student Educational Loan Fund, or SELF Loan, can help you pay for your education beyond high school. The program is administered by the Minnesota Office of Higher Education and can be used only for educational purposes. It is a loan, not a scholarship, so it must be repaid. Eligibility An eligible student must: †¢ be enrolled in an eligible school in Minnesota or be a Minnesota resident enrolled in an eligible school in another state or U. S. territory; a list of eligible institutions is available at www. selfloan. rg; †¢ be enrolled at least half time in a program leading to a certificate, associate, baccalaureate, graduate or education degree; †¢ be making satisfactory academic progress as defined by the school; †¢ not be in default of any student educational loan at the current or previous school; †¢ not be currently delinquent in payment of interest or principal on an outstanding loan from the SELF Program, or on any other federal, state, private or institutional student loan program; and †¢ have a credit-worthy co-signer. SELF Loan 1 Co-signer: You must have a credit-worthy co-signer who is either a U. S. itizen or a permanent resident, and who resides in the United States. The co-signer is responsible for making loan payments (interest, principal and other charges) if you fail to make payments. The co-signer is relieved of this responsibility only in the event of death or total and permanent disability of the borrower. A credit-worthy co-signer is one who has no account balances discharged through bankruptcy; no garnishments, attachments, foreclosure, repossession or suit; no more than $300 combined total in unsatisfied credit or unsatisfied payment obligations; or no more than five percent of credit bureau balances past due. The co-signer must be at least 24 years old or 18 years old if a sibling (i. e. , a brother or sister). 2 SELF Loan How to Apply Following are the steps to apply for a SELF Loan: †¢ Meet with a financial aid administrator at your college to discuss your eligibility for a SELF Loan. The financial aid office will use one of four application procedures (online SELF application, the TeleSELF electronic application, paper application or the combination paper/electronic application). The financial aid office can direct you to the appropriate application. The Office of Higher Education determines your eligibility and reviews the credit worthiness of your co-signer. If either the borrower or the co-signer are ineligible, they will be notified. †¢ The approved loan is scheduled for disbursement. On the date of disbursement, you and your co-signer are sent copies of the loan disclosure, which describes the specific terms of the loan and the scheduled disbursement date(s). †¢ Eit her a check is mailed to the school, or funds are electronically transmitted to the school, whichever the school prefers. Funds are disbursed by academic term. You should allow four weeks for the processing of the application and the disbursement of the funds. SELF Loan 3 Loan Size The financial aid administrator at the eligible school will determine the amount you can borrow. The loan amount cannot exceed the total cost of attendance, as defined by the institution, minus other financial aid that the student will receive. The minimum amount is $500. Maximum Loan Amounts The maximum loan is $7,500 for undergraduate levels and $9,000 for graduate levels provided that: †¢ The loan amount shall not exceed the cost of attendance less all other financial aid. You may borrow more than once during an academic year as long as you have not exceeded the grade-level borrowing limits, your request is for at least $500 and adequate time remains to process the application. Cumulative Borrowing Limits The cumulative SELF Loan debt shall not exceed the following grade level limits: $ 7,500 Grade Level 1 $15,000 Grade Level 2 $22,500 Grade Level 3 $30,0 00 Grade Level 4 $37,500 Grade Level 5 $55,500 Grade Levels 6 to 9 (includes all undergraduate and graduate debt) Grade level is determined by the school based on the number of credits earned. SELF Loan Loan Example Here is an example of how a SELF Loan can help you offset the total cost of attendance. Cost of attendance Less available financial aid Federal grants State grants Institutional assistance Private assistance Total Aid Total student obligation Maximum SELF Loan amount (based on grade level) $1,500 0 500 500 – $2,500 $7,500 $7,500 $10,000 Costs to the Borrower You must pay interest and principal on the loan. There are no guarantee, origination or processing fees charged. Interest Rate: The interest charged to you may change every quarter. The current SELF interest rate is available at www. selfloan. org. Borrowers pay an interest rate comprised of a percentage (the â€Å"margin†) that is added to the variable interest rate of the source of money (the â€Å"index†). As the index or margin increases or decreases over time, the interest charged will increase or decrease. The index rate is tied to the three-month London Interbank Offered Rates (LIBOR). SELF Loan 5 Loan Repayment Payment of Interest: You must pay interest quarterly while in school. This is called the â€Å"in-school period† Interest payments will start . approximately 90 days from the disbursement of the loan. During the first 12 months after graduation or if enrollment drops below half time, the borrower will be converted to a monthly interest repayment schedule. This 12-month period is called the â€Å"transition period† . Repayment of Principal and Interest: The period in which monthly principal and interest are paid is called the â€Å"repayment period† Near the end of . he 12-month transition period, you can choose between two repayment plans as long as a required repayment period has not started: †¢ The Standard Plan requires the monthly payment of principal and interest starting on the 13th month after graduation or when enrollment drops below half time. †¢ The Extended Interest Plan provides two additional years of monthly interest-only payments. Monthly payment of principal and interest with this plan begins on the 37th month after graduation or termination of study. While the Extended Interest Plan extends the transition period, it shortens the repayment period by the same two years. For SELF Loans from phases starting with SELF IV, if the aggregate principal balances of all SELF Loans is less than $18,750, the maximum repayment period will be 10 years from the end of the â€Å"in-school† status. For SELF Loans from phases starting with SELF IV, if the aggregate principal balances of all SELF Loans is $18,750 or greater, the maximum repayment period will be 15 years from the end of the â€Å"in-school† status. All SELF IV Loans will enter repayment no later than seven years after the first disbursement date on the loan. 6 SELF Loan Additional Loan Repayment Information: †¢ There are no deferment categories in the SELF Program. †¢ SELF Loans cannot be included in federal consolidation programs. Eligibility for repayment of SELF Loans under any student loan repayment program, such as a military program or AmeriCorps, is based on the criteria established by those programs for repayment of non-federal student loans. †¢ A borrower may move back and forth between the in-school and transition periods, but once a transition period has been exhausted and the repayment period entered, the borrower may NOT leave the repayment period. The total amount borrowed will determine the borrower’s monthly payment; however, the minimum monthly payment of principal and interest is $50. †¢ There is no penalty for prepaying SELF Loans. Transferring Schools: If you transfer to another school or pursue a higher degree at another institution, you must: †¢ enroll before the 12- to 36-month transition period elapses, †¢ enroll in a school that is a member of the SELF Program, and †¢ have time remaining before the seven-year mandatory repayment starts. If the school is not a member of the SELF Program, you will no longer be considered to be in the â€Å"in-school† status. SELF Loan 7 SELF Loan Repayment Examples Amount Borrowed Annual percentage rate during principal repayment period Interest rate applied to principal balance Quarterly interest payments while enrolled Monthly interest payments during transition period Monthly payments of principal and interest $7,500 $7,500 7. 00% 8. 00% 7. 00% 8. 00% $131. 25 $150. 00 $43. 75 $50. 00 108 payments of $93. 80 108 payments of $97. 64 The interest rate varies throughout the life of the loan and may increase or decrease. The example illustrates the repayment schedule for a $7,500 SELF Loan at two different interest rates and assumes that the stated rates do not change. It also assumes that payments of principal and interest will be made over a nine-year term, following interest-only payments during a four-year in-school period and for one year after school. 8 SELF Loan Loan Servicer A Servicer schedules and disburses your loan, sends bills, and keeps track of your loan payments and your current loan status. The Servicer for the SELF Program is Firstmark Services. Contact Firstmark Services for questions about your bill, payments or to make address or enrollment changes: Firstmark Services P. O. Box 25410 Woodbury, MN 55125-0410 Tel: (651) 265-7666 (888) 295-0713 toll free Visit www. firstmarkservices. com to check the status of pending applications and disbursements along with your payment and balance information. Minnesota Office of Higher Education SELF Loan is a program of the Minnesota Office of Higher Education, a state agency providing students with a range of financial aid programs and information to help them gain access to postsecondary education. The agency manages the Minnesota State Grant program, which is a needbased grant program for eligible students who submit the Free Application for Student Aid (FAFSA). The agency also oversees tuition reciprocity programs, Minnesota’s 529 college savings program, institutional licensing, a college awareness program for youth and serves as the state’s clearinghouse for data on postsecondary enrollment, financial aid, finance and trends. SELF Loan 9 Minnesota Office of Higher Education 1450 Energy Park Drive, Suite 350 Saint Paul, MN 55108-5227 Tel: 651. 642. 0567 or 800. 657. 3866 TTY Relay: 800. 627. 3529 Fax: 651. 642. 0570 E-mail: [email  protected] state. mn. us www. selfloan. org www. ohe. state. mn. us  ©2008 Minnesota Office of Higher Education Printed on recycled paper.

Understanding Cosmology and Its Impact

Understanding Cosmology and Its Impact Cosmology can be a difficult discipline to get a handle on, as it is a field of study within physics that touches on many other areas. (Although, in truth, these days pretty much all fields of study within physics touch on many other areas.) What is cosmology? What do the people studying it (called cosmologists) actually do? What evidence is there to support their work? Cosmology at a Glance Cosmology is the discipline of science that studies the origin and eventual fate of the universe. It is most closely related to the specific fields of astronomy and astrophysics, though the last century has also brought cosmology closely in line with key insights from particle physics. In other words, we reach a fascinating realization: Our understanding of modern cosmology comes from connecting the behavior of the largest structures in our universe (planets, stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters) together with those of the smallest structures in our universe (fundamental particles). History of Cosmology The study of cosmology is probably one of the oldest forms of speculative inquiry into nature, and it began at some point in history when an ancient human looked toward the heavens, asked questions such as the following: How did we come to be here?What is happening in the night sky?Are we alone in the universe?What are those shiny things in the sky? You get the idea. The ancients came up with some quite good attempts to explain these. Chief among these in the western scientific tradition is the physics of the ancient Greeks, who developed a comprehensive geocentric model of the universe which was refined over the centuries until the time of Ptolemy, at which point cosmology really didnt develop further for several centuries, except in some of the details about the speeds of the various components of the system. The next major advance in this area came from Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543, when he published his astronomy book on his deathbed (anticipating that it would cause controversy with the Catholic Church), outlining the evidence for his heliocentric model of the solar system. The key insight that motivated this transformation in thinking was the notion that there was no real reason to assume that the Earth contains a fundamentally privileged position within the physical cosmos. This change in assumptions is known as the Copernican Principle. Copernicus heliocentric model became even more popular and accepted based upon the work of Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler, who accumulated substantial experimental evidence in support of the Copernican heliocentric model. It was Sir Isaac Newton who was able to bring all of these discoveries together into actually explaining the planetary motions, however. He had the intuition and insight to realize that the motion of objects falling to the earth was similar to the motion of objects orbiting the Earth (in essence, these objects are continually falling around the Earth). Since this motion was similar, he realized it was probably caused by the same force, which he called gravity. By careful observation and the development of new mathematics called calculus and his three laws of motion, Newton was able to create equations that described this motion in a variety of situations. Though Newtons law of gravity worked at predicting the motion of the heavens, there was one problem ... it wasnt exactly clear how it was working. The theory proposed that objects with mass attract each other across space, but Newton wasnt able to develop a scientific explanation for the mechanism that gravity used to achieve this. In order to explain the inexplicable, Newton relied on a generic appeal to God, basically, objects behave this way in response to Gods perfect presence in the universe. To get a physical explanation would wait over two centuries, until the arrival of a genius whose intellect could eclipse even that of Newton. General Relativity and the Big Bang Newtons cosmology dominated science until the early twentieth century when Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity, which redefined the scientific understanding of gravity. In Einsteins new formulation, gravity was caused by the bending of 4-dimensional spacetime in response to the presence of a massive object, such as a planet, a star, or even a galaxy. One of the interesting implications of this new formulation was that spacetime itself wasnt in equilibrium. In fairly short order, scientists realized that general relativity predicted that spacetime would either expand or contract. Believe Einstein believed that the universe was actually eternal, he introduced a cosmological constant into the theory, which provided a pressure that counteracted the expansion or contraction. However, when astronomer Edwin Hubble eventually discovered that the universe was in fact expanding, Einstein realized that hed made a mistake and removed the cosmological constant from the theory. If the universe was expanding, then the natural conclusion is that if you were to rewind the universe, youd see that it must have begun in a tiny, dense clump of matter. This theory of how the universe began became called the Big Bang Theory. This was a controversial theory through the middle decades of the twentieth century, as it vied for dominance against Fred Hoyles steady state theory. The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965, however, confirmed a prediction that had been made in relation to the big bang, so it became widely accepted among physicists. Though he was proven wrong about the steady state theory, Hoyle is credited with the major developments in the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, which is the theory that hydrogen and other light atoms are transformed into heavier atoms within the nuclear crucibles called stars, and spit out into the universe upon the stars death. These heavier atoms then go on to form into water, planets, and ultimately life on Earth, including humans! Thus, in the words of many awestruck cosmologists, we are all formed from stardust. Anyway, back to the evolution of the universe. As scientists gained more information about the universe and more carefully measured the cosmic microwave background radiation, there was a problem. As detailed measurements were taken of astronomical data, it became clear that concepts from quantum physics needed to play a stronger role in understanding the early phases and evolution of the universe. This field of theoretical cosmology, though still highly speculative, has grown quite fertile and is sometimes called quantum cosmology. Quantum physics showed a universe that was pretty close to being uniform in energy and matter but wasnt completely uniform. However, any fluctuations in the early universe would have expanded greatly over the billions of years that the universe expanded ... and the fluctuations were much smaller than one would expect. So cosmologists had to figure out a way to explain a non-uniform early universe, but one which had only extremely small fluctuations. Enter Alan Guth, a particle physicist who tackled this problem in 1980 with the development of inflation theory. The fluctuations in the early universe were minor quantum fluctuations, but they rapidly expanded in the early universe due to an ultra-fast period of expansion. Astronomical observations since 1980 have supported the predictions of the inflation theory and it is now the consensus view among most cosmologists. Mysteries of Modern Cosmology Though cosmology has advanced much over the last century, there are still several open mysteries. In fact, two of the central mysteries in modern physics are the dominant problems in cosmology and astrophysics: Dark Matter - Some galaxies are moving in a way that cannot be fully explained based on the amount of matter that is observed within them (called visible matter), but which can be explained if there is an extra unseen matter within the galaxy. This extra matter, which is predicted to take up about 25% of the universe, based on most recent measurements, is called dark matter. In addition to astronomical observations, experiments on Earth such as the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) are trying to directly observe dark matter.Dark Energy - In 1998, astronomers attempted to detect the rate at which the universe was slowing down ... but they found that it wasnt slowing down. In fact, the acceleration rate was speeding up. It seems that Einsteins cosmological constant was needed after all, but instead of holding the universe as a state of equilibrium it actually seems to be pushing the galaxies apart at a faster and faster rate as time goes on. Its unknown exactly what is causing this r epulsive gravity, but the name physicists have given to that substance is dark energy. Astronomical observations predict that this dark energy makes up about 70% of the universes substance. There are some other suggestions to explain these unusual results, such as Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and variable speed of light cosmology, but these alternatives are considered fringe theories that are not accepted among many physicists in the field. Origins of the Universe It is worth noting that the big bang theory actually describes the way the universe has evolved since shortly after its creation, but cannot give any direct information about the actual origins of the universe. This isnt to say that physics can tell us nothing about the origins of the universe. When physicists explore the smallest scale of space, they find that quantum physics results in the creation of virtual particles, as evidenced by the Casimir effect. In fact, inflation theory predicts that in the absence of any matter or energy, then spacetime would expand. Taken at face value, this, therefore, gives scientists a reasonable explanation for how the universe could initially come into being. If there were a true nothing, no matter, no energy, no spacetime, then that nothing would be unstable and would begin generating matter, energy, and an expanding spacetime. This is the central thesis of books such as The Grand Design and A Universe From Nothing, which posit that the universe can be explained without reference to a supernatural creator deity. Humanitys Role in Cosmology It would be hard to over-emphasize the cosmological, philosophical, and perhaps even theological importance of recognizing that the Earth was not the center of the cosmos. In this sense, cosmology is one of the earliest fields that yielded evidence that was in conflict with the traditional religious worldview. In fact, every advance in cosmology has seemed to fly in the face of the most cherished assumptions that wed like to make about how special humanity is as a species ... at least in terms of cosmological history. This passage from The Grand Design by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow eloquently lays out the transformation in thinking that has come from cosmology: Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric model of the solar system is acknowledged as the first convincing scientific demonstration that we humans are not the focal point of the cosmos.... We now realize that Copernicus result is but one of a series of nested demotions overthrowing long-held assumptions regarding humanitys special status: were not located at the center of the solar system, were not located at the center of the galaxy, were not located at the center of the universe, were not even made of the dark ingredients constituting the vast majority of the universes mass. Such cosmic downgrading ... exemplifies what scientists now call the Copernican principle: in the grand scheme of things, everything we know points toward human beings not occupying a privileged position.

How to Use the Versatile French Word Même

How to Use the Versatile French Word Mà ªme The French word mà ªme is a handy one to know. Loosely translated as same or even, the words meaning changes based on how it is used in a sentence. Mà ªme  may function as an indefinite adjective, an indefinite pronoun, or an adverb. Indefinite Adjective When used as an indefinite adjective, mà ªmes meaning differs according to whether it precedes or follows the noun it modifies:1) Before a noun, mà ªme means same. Cest la mà ªme chose!   Its the same thing!Jai lu le mà ªme livre.   I read the same book.Il aime les mà ªmes programmes.   He likes the same programs.Il a le mà ªme à ¢ge que moi. Hes the same age as me. 2) After a noun or pronoun, mà ªme emphasizes that thing and means (one)self or personified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a perdu la bague mà ªme.   He lost the ring itself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je veux le faire moi-mà ªme. (stressed pronoun)   I want to do it myself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle est la gentillesse mà ªme.   She is the epitome of kindness. / She is kindness itself. Indefinite Pronoun Le mà ªme as an indefinite pronoun means the same and may be singular or plural.   Cest le mà ªme.   Its the same.Elles sont toujours les mà ªmes.   Theyre always the same.Cela / à §a revient (strictement) au mà ªme. It comes / amounts to (exactly) the same thing. Adverb As an adverb, mà ªme is invariable, emphasizes the word it modifies, and means even, (to go) so far as to.   Mà ªme Jacques est venu.   Even Jacques came.  Il avait mà ªme achetà © un billet.   He even went so far as to buy a ticket.  Ils sont tous partis, mà ªme le bà ©bà ©.   They all left, even the baby.  Je lai vu ici mà ªme.   I saw him in this very spot. Personal Pronoun Personal pronouns with  mà ªme  form the -self pronouns, which are personal pronouns of emphasis. moi-mà ªme   myselftoi-mà ªme   yourself (singular and  familiar)elle-mà ªme  Ã‚  herselflui-mà ªme  Ã‚  himselfsoi-mà ªme   oneself, yourselfvous-mà ªme   yourself (plural and formal)elles-mà ªmes  Ã‚  themselves (feminine)eux-mà ªmes  Ã‚  themselves  (masculine) Expressions mà ªme   right on, in, from; in position mà ªme que   capable ofde mà ªme que   just / right as (something happened)mà ªme que (familiar) moreoverquand mà ªme  Ã‚  even so, anywaytout de mà ªme   even soÇa revient au mà ªme.   That amounts to the same thing.Cest du pareil au mà ªme.  (informal)   Its always the same.en mà ªme temps at the same timeIl na mà ªme pas pleurà ©.   He didnt even cry.   mà ªme la peau  Ã‚  next to the skin mà ªme le sol  Ã‚  on the bare ground  Ã‚  Je suis parti et lui de mà ªme.   I left and so did he.  Ã‚   mà ªme:  dormir mà ªme le sol   to sleep on the floor mà ªme de   able to,  in a position tode mà ªme:  faire de mà ªme   to do likewise  or  the samede mà ªme que just asmà ªme que  (familiar) so much so thatmà ªme si   even if

What do you understand by the term epistemology How can different Essay

What do you understand by the term epistemology How can different epistemological understandings influence choice of research method - Essay Example Epistemology seeks to explore or evaluate how knowledge is acquired, how much knowledge is understood, and knowledge is constructed within the realms of human mind. Epistemology tries to explain the relationship between depth of human understanding about a particular subject and the reliability of that understanding. It seeks to answer the question how what is known can be measured. Research aims at analyzing objects of nature in order to come up with a helpful conclusion. The researcher is thus at the discretion of using personal beliefs, understanding, and justification to influence the outcome of the research findings. A report by University of Oulu claims that the researcher is in a position to â€Å"influence directly only the epistemological basis of the research, not the evaluator’s bias, but of course clear criteria stated by the researcher makes it more valid for the reader to evaluate the trustworthiness of the research† (University of Oulu, 2003, p. 1). Seale echoes the same sentiments â€Å"it is true that certain epistemological and theoretical positions have influenced the character of both quantitative and qualitative research† (Seale, 2004 p. 506). Truthfulness of research is very important especially in the field of public health. For instance, I intend to use Quantitative analysis for my dissertation that aims at investigating public’s awareness of thalassemia syndromes in Jordans Capital – Amman. The study will collect information in form of questionnaires. Certainly, the questionnaires will be a reflection of my epistemological foundation. The questions will be formulated based on understanding of the topic. Although a lot of work on literature review will be done, interpretation of the literature work will depend on two main factors. First, it will depend on the line of thought of authors of the literature that I will review. Secondly, it will depend on my own interpretation of the literature work, which in turn will depend on personal

Financial Statement Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Statement Analysis - Research Paper Example 2.1.1 Which three (3) assets are most significant to the company? Using the notes to the financial statements, discuss the accounting methods used to value assets. What method(s) do the companies use to value inventory? What depreciation method(s) do the companies use to value property, plant and equipment? How are accounts receivable valued? The most significant assets of Home in 2010 included merchandise inventory, Property and equipment and other current assets constituting about 26%, 62% and 3% of the total assets respectively. Compared to 2009, the most significant were merchandise inventory, Property and equipment and other current assets constituting about 25%, 63% and 3% of the total assets respectively. The companies appear to have inventories and property as top two most significant assets for both years and this should describe the nature of the industry that they are in. The three most significant assets of Lowe for 2010 would include merchandise inventory, Property and long-term investment constituting about 24.7%, 65.5 and 3% of the total assets respectively. Compared to 2009, the most significant were merchandise inventory, Property and cash and cash equivalents constituting about 25%, 68.2 and 1.9% of the total assets respectively. For Home depot on the other hand, Bother company value their inventory using lower of cost or market under first in first out (FIFO) basis. Both companies used the straight-line depreciation method Receivables are valued by both companies using fair value. The three of the most significant liabilities to HD include the following: Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Long-term Debt. For HD There have been no significant change to liabilities from 2009 to 2010 except on deferred tax which decreased by 15%. The three of the most significant liabilities to LOW include the following:

Employment At Will Doctrine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment At Will Doctrine - Assignment Example Therefore, even when there is no written contract between the employer and the employee, as long as there was an oral contract, termination of employment should only be for cause and the correct procedures have to be followed (Arnow-Richman,  Glynn, & Sullivan, 2007). The covenant of good faith exception states that the dismissal of an employee is illegal if it is done with malicious intentions or in bad faith, e.g., firing an employee just before a large commission on the job completed is payable. Apart from common law exceptions, there are also other statutory exceptions that are not as popular as their counterparts and have not been widely adopted in many states, for most are similar to the common law exceptions (Stone,  2007). In regard to the first case where one of the employees posted a rant on Facebook criticizing the company’s most important customer, it is very clear that he has gone against the good will of the company and his actions can cause a great loss to t he company. Posting a rant on social media amounts to engagement in matters of public interest and going against professional code of ethics. Therefore in regard to the doctrine, publicly criticizing the company’s most important customer is against the company’s ethics, hence the best decision will be to fire him and that will not cause the company any legal damages (Johnson & Wall Jr., 2006). In the second case, Jim sent an email to other salespeople protesting a change in commission schedules and bonuses and suggesting everyone boycott at the next sales meeting. Jim has the freedom to exercise his right of expression. This is the contravention of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The... With this security established, the employees will prefer to report any illegal undertakings internally rather than externally, hence giving the company a chance to deal with the affairs appropriately, reducing the risk of bad publicity. A good whistleblower policy should clearly define what type of acts need to be reported. This is to prevent reporting of petty issues that can be dealt with at lower management levels. Also, the issues to be reported should be those that involve breaking of companies’ regulations or public policy. It should also clearly define the channels to be followed when reporting any wrongdoing. This will avoid information getting into the wrong hands who may use it for blackmail instead of taking the necessary action. The policy should also have general regulations that protect the whistleblowers. Therefore, for any company aiming to reduce scuffles between the management and employees, it should adopt a good whistle blower policy, follow the employment -at-will doctrine together with the exceptions, and try as much as possible to use utilitarianism in decision making. In as much as both the common law and the exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine exist, the presumptions still remain a very important feature in many organizations. An employee may have a lot of claims, but it may be hard to prove them. Apart from that, the claims may be not recognized in some jurisdictions since the interpretation of the protections and exceptions in the common law may be misconstrued.

Impact Of The Studio System On Filmmaking

Impact Of The Studio System On Filmmaking Examine the extent to which the Hollywood studio system nurtured or inhibited the artistry of film makers. This essay will be analysing to what extent the studio system has helped or possibly hindered the artistic nature and idea of filmmakers. The studio system can be defined under the idea that the studio owns and controls all aspects of the film creation. The largest and most prominent studios at this time were Warner Brothers, Paramount and MGM, they had final say over all decisions to do with the film (Filmsite, 2010). The Studio system was at its most prominent in the 1950s after having dominated the market from the 1920s to the 1940s, they made the final decision on all aspects of the film, and choose who they wanted to direct the film; this director would be given clear guidelines and rules to follow when creating the film. During the 1950s there started to emerge in Europe a belief that film should be more than just a story on the screen and that it was in fact an art form. This idea of the director taking control over the film to produce their own version, to show how they felt about the film carries into the theory of authorship. Authorship is when a creator of something puts their own stamp on what they are producing, from telling the story in a different way to shooting the film in a different style. The idea of authorship is seen in many texts over the centuries like Shakespeares Hamlet, where Hamlet speaks to the audience and in Jane Eyre when the main character addresss the reader in the first person. This idea is related to filmmakers because a film adopts the idea of literacy theory. During the 1950s a group of film critics in France created a magazine called Cahiers Du Cinema, to celebrate the film maker within the system, and to champion the cause of authorship. (Versobooks, 2009) From this the idea of Auteurism was born, whereby the director was given the control of the film making process to create their vision for the film. This theory is born out of the idea that film is art, and not just about making money, as was the conception to be the goal of the studio system during this time. The resulting flow of privately created artistic films that were created in Europe in this period, was known under the title of The French New Wave. This gained more momentum due to the magazine set up by Banzin, Chabrol, Truffaut, Rohmer and Godard, due to the growing idea of film as art through the theory of Autuerism. (Suite101, 2008) The French new wave was about legitimising cinemas as an art form, they believed that the idea of authorship was about the notion of a creative person, you are responsible for what you create and it will show in your art. They wanted to make films that were different from what most studios allowed. Most studios just made films that were based on novels and stories. A medium in which and by which an artist can express his thoughts, be they abstract or whatever, or in which he can communicate his obsessions as accurately as he can today in essay or novel (Unattributed B, 2010: 1) The French new wave believed that the director should be seen as a chief source of creativity, they believed that the idea the director comes up with has a huge impact on the film. It could be argued, that the Hollywood studio system has always tried to nurture the artistry of film makers, because even though the idea of film makers being seen as the director emerged slowly, studios did begin to see that directors has specialities in certain genres, and allowed them to build on that genre. John Ford was best known for his westerns, and Alfred Hitchcock was best known for his horror and suspense stories, this idea grew and allowed directors to grow in their own right. After the idea of the French new wave hit American it brought thought to studios, and they began to consider whether or not film should be seen as an art form. T.W. Griffiths film Birth of a Nation, was one of the earliest films that made studios question film as an art. His film brought the beginning to the golden age of Hollywood cinema, it shows that filmmakers tend to use film to make a point about what is going on at the time. Like Griffith many cinematic historians have examined stories from the past to suggest lessons concerning modern day controversies. (Toplin, R B, 1940: 18) The ideas that the Hollywood studios allowed the growth of creativity of film makers, is easy to see because, the auteur theory expresses the belief that a creative personality can surface through unpromising studio material, and in the end they make it their own. A film is seen as being unique because it does something only a film can do, it is an art form that can express a moment in time, and this idea is also called the holy moment. The idea of the auteur theory began to emerge from this, and it expressed a belief that some Hollywood directors could shape their material to something that meant something to them. It sought to establish individual creativity as the source of value in Hollywood ( Maltby, R, 2003: 46) the idea of the film maker being creative soon followed, and studios began to develop, with each studio having specialities like directors, MGM was good at creating musicals like singing in the rain, Warner brothers was good at making gangster film. One main person who believed that film makers like directors should be acknowledged more in a film is Alexandre Astruc, he was a film critic who was born in France and he argued that certain directors used the camera like a pen. The images themselves add nuance and develop the narrative as much as the dialog does (Unattributed C, 2010: 1) Using this idea and looking at American directors, it could be argued that as well as film makers being seen as authors with a creative process, there is an artistic value that results from their ideas and thoughts, allowing them to creatively express their imagination. The ideas of a film maker being creative, is all about whether they can create something amazing from not much that is given to them, and allowing themselves to work within the studio system. Sometimes auteurism is identified within specific genres and is linked to specialisation; each director has reoccurring elements that is found in all films they make. Alfred Hitchcock is one of the directors who makes each of his films with similar elements, and whose name always comes up when talking about auteur theory. His films are suspense films that keep audiences on their seats. Hitchcocks success didnt come from the type of genre the film was in. The skill which he exhibited in the filmmaking i.e. his treatment of the subject in terms of the shots he uses and how he combines them (Unattributed D, 2010: 1) However on the other hand it could also be argued that the Hollywood studio inhibited the artistry of film makers because, most film makers really only do what studios tell them, most work they do has to be checked by someone higher. The whole idea that Hollywood wanted to produce product not art is common because, under the studios rule the director is mainly a person hired to do what they want, he just puts the camera in the right place. Singing in the rain is a prime example of the way Hollywood saw its actors, directors etc, they were just hired. The ideas of auteur theory being a celebration of a directors freedom cant be understood by everyone because, it isnt just one person that works on a film it is a variety of people. More than one person will work on a film, so what makes the director more worthy of praise than, say, the scriptwriter or the camera operators? (Unattributed A, 2007: 1) Whether a film maker is creative or not in their film making process, may not even matter due to the fact that everyone sees things differently, what the person feels is not always what the audience sees. Due to the fact that films are made by studios, and the director isnt always the dominant one, most try to go independent but lose because, equipment used to make and produce films was expensive and not widely available. The idea of the independent American auteur is rare however, they do exist and they try to create a film that is away from the control of the studio system. Independent filmmaking consists of low-budget projects made by (mostly) young filmmakers with a strong personal vision away from the influence and pressures of the few major conglomerates that control tightly the American film industry (Daisies, G, 2010: 1) Independent film makers do work for studios as directors/ writers, and even actors for hire, just to make money to fund their project. Orson Welles is one of the film makers who pushed away from the studio system to make something he wanted. Welles embodies the concept of the tragic artist, he does everything an ideal film maker should do, he acts, writes, to raise money, but making his films he becomes a suffering artists. He wrote and starred in Citizen Kane which was about an investigation into the life of newspaper tycoon Charles Foster Kane. Orson Welles did make many films after Citizen Kane, but his success in making independent films was very expensive and so he didnt make many big budget films, after twenty years in the studio he made another independent film called chimes at midnight. The fullest, most completely realized expression of everything [Welles] had been working toward since Citizen Kane. (Unattributed E, 2010: 1) No matter the financial problems at the end, Orson Welles remains the ideal film maker who fought against the studio systems control. In conclusion it is hard to try to discover whether or not the Hollywood studio system nurtured or inhibited the artistry of film makers, no matter how much the directors/film makers are seen as creative, most of them all are contracted by the studios. Followers of the French New Wave movement argue that, the studio system does hinder a director, as they think that films should be art and should be a representation of the directors views, and emotion towards the script. According to (Alfred Hitchcock: Auteur?, 2010) the idea behind the auteur director are done in terms of personal vision, the recurring themes, even a defined view of the world, and a degree of control over production, In auteur films, it is the director who controls the artistic statement, takes credit for the film and is responsible for attracting the audience. (Unattributed F, 2010: 1) Alfred Hitchcock was a major example of seeing a director as a auteur, as his films follow the necessary needs taking up by the French new wave, they have reoccurring themes which are done by a personal vision of his and will even shock audiences. So looking at American directors it is common to see that each one has a creative way to express their imagination. Studios throughout the 50s and onwards always had some control over the films production, when a director is hired and given a clear set of rules and guidelines to follow, and is not given full control of all aspects of the film, (such as stars of the film, setting or style) then they cannot possibly make their mark on the film. This may well be the case that the Studio system does hinder a director, and stop him from being an artist, but maybe this is not what the public want from films. This can be seen in the current situation we have where, although previously widely thought to be a hindrance to directors and their artistry, the studio system period is now being heralded in the media and by the public as the golden age of cinema. The idea of authorship takes hold in the film industry after the 1950s when film was seen as art not entertainment, however Hollywood had been in an era of a golden age, there reign caused many problem and in 1948 the US department of justice sued the ma jor studios for anti competitive practices. No longer could the film industry control (or monopolize) all aspects of film production, distribution and exhibition (Kliedie, 2007: 1) It seems that regardless of whether or not the studio system affects the artistry of filmmakers, it is now becoming more popular again, and some of the films from this period that are used to stereotype the studio system, are being heralded as classic films. So it would seem that despite films not being creative art and having complete authorship from the director, the mass public does not seem to mind watching studio system type films.